What limits a robot’s maximum safe acceleration during motion?

Example Concept: The maximum safe acceleration of a robot is influenced by the torque limits of its actuators, the strength and rigidity of its mechanical structure, and the precision of its control system. Actuator limits define the maximum force that can be applied, while structural limits prevent mechanical failure. Control systems must accurately manage acceleration to prevent overshoot and ensure stability, especially in dynamic environments. Safety constraints, such as those defined by ISO standards for collaborative robots, also cap acceleration to protect human operators.